Hazardous Air Pollution in Jakarta and South Tangerang

Air pollution in Jakarta and South Tangerang (Tangsel) reached hazardous levels on the second morning of the Eid al-Adha 2024 holiday.

This alarming situation highlights these regions’ severe air quality issues, posing significant health risks for the local population.

Severe Air Quality in Jakarta and Tangsel

On the second morning of Eid al-Adha 2024, air quality in Jakarta and Tangsel deteriorated drastically. Monitoring data from IQAir at 07:14 WIB revealed these cities as the most polluted in Indonesia. The situation demands urgent attention due to its severe impact on public health.

Extremely Unhealthy Pollution Levels

In Tangsel, PM 2.5 levels were recorded at 32 times higher than the World Health Organization’s (WHO) safe air quality guidelines. Similarly, Jakarta’s PM 2.5 concentrations exceeded 30 times the WHO’s recommended limits. Such extreme pollution levels classify the air as “very unhealthy,” posing serious health risks to residents.

Public Health Recommendations

Given the dangerous air quality, residents are advised to take several precautions. It is recommended to avoid outdoor exercise, wear masks when outside, keep doors closed to prevent polluted air from entering homes, and use air purifiers indoors. These measures are essential to mitigate the health impacts of severe air pollution.

Worst-Affected Areas in Jakarta

Air quality monitoring by Nafas identified the worst-hit areas in Jakarta during the same period. The following neighbourhoods reported alarmingly high Air Quality Index (AQI) readings:

• Kedoya Utara, West Jakarta with an AQI of 228
• Kembangan Selatan with an AQI of 240
• Palmerah with an AQI of 208
• Kemang Utara with an AQI of 157

All these areas fell into the “red” zone, indicating unhealthy air quality. No areas were in the “yellow” or “green” zones, underscoring the severity of the situation.

Ranking of Poor Air Quality in Greater Jakarta

Jakarta and Tangsel dominated the poor air quality ranking across the Greater Jakarta area (Jabodetabek). These cities consistently ranked among the top 50 most polluted locations. This trend highlights a broader regional issue requiring comprehensive strategies to address air pollution.

Health Implications of Air Pollution

Exposure to high levels of air pollution, particularly PM 2.5, has numerous health implications. Fine particulate matter can penetrate the lungs and enter the bloodstream, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Long-term exposure increases the risk of chronic conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and heart disease. Vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions, are at greater risk.

Respiratory Health Risks

High levels of PM 2.5 aggravate respiratory conditions such as asthma and bronchitis. Individuals may experience coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Prolonged exposure can lead to the development of chronic respiratory diseases and reduced lung function.

Cardiovascular Health Risks

Air pollution significantly impacts cardiovascular health. Studies have shown that exposure to fine particulate matter is linked to an increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and hypertension. PM 2.5 can cause inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to arterial damage and atherosclerosis.

Impact on Children and the Elderly

Children and the elderly are particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution. In children, exposure can lead to reduced lung development, increased respiratory infections, and asthma exacerbation. For the elderly, pre-existing health conditions can worsen, leading to increased hospital admissions and mortality rates.

Addressing Air Pollution in Jakarta and Tangsel

A multifaceted approach is necessary to combat the severe air pollution in Jakarta and Tangsel. This includes regulatory measures, public awareness campaigns, and technological interventions.

Regulatory Measures

Strict enforcement of air quality standards and emissions regulations is crucial. Authorities must implement and monitor policies to reduce emissions from industrial sources, vehicular traffic, and construction activities. Implementing low-emission zones and promoting public transportation can significantly reduce pollution levels.

Public Awareness and Behavioural Changes

Raising public awareness about the health risks of air pollution and promoting behavioural changes is vital. Educating the public on the importance of wearing masks, using air purifiers, and reducing outdoor activities during high-pollution periods can help mitigate health risks.

Technological Interventions

Investing in air quality monitoring and pollution control technologies is essential. Installing more air quality sensors across the city can provide real-time data, helping authorities respond quickly to rising pollution levels. Additionally, promoting cleaner technologies in industries and vehicles can significantly reduce emissions.

Addressing the Public Health Emergency of Air Pollution in Jakarta and Tangsel

The air pollution crisis in Jakarta and Tangsel during Eid al-Adha 2024 underscores a pressing public health emergency. Residents face severe health risks with PM 2.5 levels far exceeding WHO guidelines. Urgent measures are needed to address this issue, including regulatory actions, public awareness campaigns, and technological advancements. By adopting a comprehensive approach, Jakarta and Tangsel can improve air quality and protect the health of their residents.